What type of hypothesis is the following? “Cancer patients who receive

What type of hypothesis is the following? “Cancer patients who receive music therapy complain less frequently of pain and require less pain medication than cancer patients not receiving music therapy.”

a. Complex, directional
b. Complex, null
c. Simple, associative
d. Simple, nondirectional

ESSAYBID ANSWER

ANS: A
A complex hypothesis predicts the relationship among three or more variables. In this example, the variables are music therapy (independent), pain (dependent), and medication (dependent). A directional hypothesis states the nature of the interaction between two or more variables. In this example, the direction is indicated by the prediction “complain less frequently.”
A complex hypothesis is correct, but the null hypothesis predicts no difference. A complex hypothesis predicts the relationship among three or more variables. In this example, the variables are music therapy (independent), pain (dependent), and medication (dependent). A directional hypothesis states the nature of the interaction between two or more variables. In this example, the direction is indicated by the prediction “complain less frequently.”
This study has more than two variables (not simple) and is simply indicating an association. A complex hypothesis predicts the relationship among three or more variables. In this example, the variables are music therapy (independent), pain (dependent), and medication (dependent). A directional hypothesis states the nature of the interaction between two or more variables. In this example, the direction is indicated by the prediction “complain less frequently.”
A simple hypothesis has only two variables (this study has more than two), and there is a direction predicted (fewer complaints of pain and need for less pain medication). A complex hypothesis predicts the relationship among three or more variables. In this example, the variables are music therapy (independent), pain (dependent), and medication (dependent). A directional hypothesis states the nature of the interaction between two or more variables. In this example, the direction is indicated by the prediction “complain less frequently.”