umuc biol350 week 1 to week 6 discussions latest 2015

QUESTION

week 1Discussion Topics:Molecular Basis of Cells and their ProcessesThe list below includes the discussion topics for week 1. By THURSDAY you should post your response to at least one question. When you post your response, please start a “New Topic” with the corresponding subject line and question. If the subject is already present in this weeks discussion, please do not duplicate the topic. If you would like to ‘reserve’ a topic for the week, you can post a place holder for the topic, in the discussion area, with a message saying you will be posting on a particular topic. For example, start a ‘New Topic’ with the text ‘coming soon’ or ‘in progress’. This should be done at the beginning of the week to avoid any confusion. It will also be helpful to cut and paste the entire subject or question into the new topic window. This will allow us to more easily follow the thread, since we can see the original question(s). You are required to answer only one question from this entire list, NOT one question from each subject. Please do not answer more than one question before midweek, so that others will have a chance to have the ‘first pass’ at a question.Subject: Introductions (Required, but will not count toward your discussion participation grade)Please take a few minutes to introduce yourself. Let us know where you are from and why you are taking Molecular and Cellular Biology. Do you work in a related field or hope to work in a related field someday? If so, what are your interests? Let’s start building our virtual community and learning environment!Subject: Nobel Prize WinnersThis week I would like you to start thinking about molecular and cell biology by researching the Nobel Prize winners in the medicine category. Browse through the winners either by looking at the .nobelprize.org/”>http://www.nobelprize.org or the.com/nobel/medicine/medicine.html”>http://almaz.com/nobel/medicine/medicine.html site. Both sites will give you the winners for each year and information about their careers. After identifying a Nobel laureate of interest to you, write a 1 or 2 paragraph summary of their accomplishments. In these paragraphs explain why you think their work is so important. How will their work lead to future achievements by other scientists?Subject: Basic Properties of cellsName one of the fundamental properties of a cell. How is this property important to the cell?Subject: Common AncestorsWhat features about the cell suggest that all living organisms share a common ancestor?Subject: EnergyWhat is the source of energy that supports life on Earth? How is this energy passed from one organism to another?Subject: Cellular DifferentiationDefine cell differentiation and explain the importance of cell differentiation.Subject: Scientific MeasurementIf a mitochondrion were 2um (micrometers) in length, how many Angstroms would it be? How many nm (nanometers)? How many millimeters (mm)?Subject: VirusesSome would argue that viruses are not living organisms. What arguements can be made for and against this stance on viruses?Subject: Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Unlike bacterial cells, eukaryotic cells have a nucleus bound by a double-layered membrane which contains protein pores. How do you think this may affect traffic between the nucleus and cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell? How would this compare to the prokaryotic cell?Subject: Cell VolumeWhich type of cell would you expect to achieve the largest volume: a highly flattened cell or a spherical cell?Subject: EvolutionMost evolutionary biologists believe that all mitochondria evolved from a single ancestral mitochondrion. And, all chloroplasts have evolved from a single ancestral chloroplast. What type of process caused this evolution. Explain the process.Subject: Genetic SequencingMany argue that it is unwise to publish sequences of viruses or bacteria that cause severe disease. What are the advantages and disadvantages to making this type of knowledge available to the public?Subject: Watson and CrickWatson and Crick discovered that DNA is the macromolecule that makes up genes. True OR False? Explain/defend your answer.Subject: Structural DistinctionsChoose one pair below and briefly describe each of the items in the pair and then suggest one way to distinguish them from each other. a. Rough ER and smooth ER b. microfilament and intermediate filament c. peroxisome and lysosome d. mitochondria and chloroplastSubject: NucleusThe nucleus is the only organelle in a eukaryotic cell that contains DNA. True OR False? Explain your answer.Subject: CyanideChoose one of the disorders described below, identify the organelle involved and state whether it is likely that the organelle is underactive or overactive and state why you determined the organelle was either over-or under-active:a. A girl inadvertently consumes cyanide and dies almost immediately because ATP productions stops.A boy is diagnosed with neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy which is characterized by an inability of his body to break down very long-chain fatty acids.Subject: Cellular SuicideThis is a “thought” question but I think the introduction to cell biology you have had this week should allow you to offer up some ideas: Why do you think it might be an advantage to a multicellular organism such as ourselves to have a program in place to insure that a cell that has suffered severe DNA damage “commits suicide”? Hint: damage= likelihood of mutationsSubject: Week 1 Q & APlease post any questions you have about the materials this week.week 2.5em=”” 0px=”” 1em;=”” padding:=”” 0px;=”” border:=”” outline:=”” font-size:=”” 13px;=”” color:=”” rgb(53,=”” 53,=”” 53);=”” font-family:=”” ‘pt=”” sans’,=”” sans-serif;=”” background:=”” rgb(250,=”” 250,=”” 250);”=””>Discussion Topics: Cell StructureThe list below includes the discussion topics for week 2. By THURSDAY you should post your response to at least one question. When you post your response, please start a “New Topic” with the corresponding subject line and question. If the subject is already present in this weeks discussion, please do not duplicate the topic. If you would like to ‘reserve’ a topic for the week, you can post a place holder for the topic, in the discussion area, with a message saying you will be posting on a particular topic. For example, start a ‘New Topic’ with the text ‘coming soon’ or ‘in progress’. This should be done at the beginning of the week to avoid any confusion. It will also be helpful to cut and paste the entire subject or question into the new topic window. This will allow us to more easily follow the thread, since we can see the original question(s). You are required to answer only one question from this entire list, NOT one question from each subject. Please do not answer more than one question before midweek, so that others will have a chance to have the ‘first pass’ at a question.Subject: Plasma MembraneWhy is the plasma membrane called a lipid bilayer and how can it be selectively permeable?Subject: Phospholipids vs GlycolipidsHow do phospholipids differ from glycolipids? How are these lipids organized into a lipid bilayer?Subject: Membrane ActivitiesHow is the lipid bilayer important for membrane activities?Subject: LiposomesWhat are liposomes and how are they used in research and medical therapies?Subject: OligosaccharidesWhat are oligosaccharides and how are they related to human blood types?Subject: Membrane ProteinsWhat is meant by assymetrical distribution of a protein? Are carbohydrates also distibuted assymetrically? Describe the properties of each class of membrane protein, i.e. integral, peripheral, and lipid-anchored. How are each different and how are each similar?Subject: Detergents and proteinsWhy are detergents necessary to solubilize membrane proteins?Subject: Membrane FluidityDefine membrane fluidity and explain why membrane fluidity is so important?Subject: Lipid RaftsWhat are lipid rafts and how are they formed?Subject: Plasma Membrane SidednessHow does the Na+/K+ -ATPase illustrate the sided-ness of the plasma membrane?Subject: Carbohydrate DigestibilityNot all carbohydrates are digestible by mammals such as ourselves(i.e. can be used as energy sources when we eat them):A. give an example of a carbohydrate that is not digestible by mammals.B. Some mammals do manage to use the energy harnessed in this carbohydrate—how is this possible? Based on your response to part “B” of this question, do you think that it is possible that persons eating exactly the same amount of the same foods will recover the same useful energy (number of calories) from what they are eating?Subject: LactaseLactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose into the monosaccharides glucose and galactose. Imagine that a lab has obtained several mutant forms of the lactase enzyme each of which differs from the normal version by a single amino acid change. What kind of test might you devise that would allow you to indirectly determine whether any of the mutant enzymes had an amino acid change that significantly altered the 3 dimensional shape of the protein.Subject: Fat free foodA food manufacturer advertises that its new cake mix is fat free. Scientists obtain a sample of the cake mix and determine through hydrolysis (breaking down of) of the mix that it contains glucose, fructose, glycerol, a number of different amino acids and several kinds of molecules that are long chain hydrocarbons with a carboxyl group at one end. Does this data support or contradict the manufacturer’s claim that the cake mix is fat free? Explain your answer.Subject: Nutritional InformationUsing the nutritional information label below, answer the following questions:How do you explain the fact that 17% of the calories in this food are from fat yet fat only makes up 8% of the food by weight?Saturated fat is a portion of the total fat. What type of fat likely comprises the rest of the “total fat”Would you consider sugar to be part of the “total carbohydrates” in the above Nutritional Information label? Why or why not?If sugar and protein have approximately 4 calories per gram, and fat has approximately 9 calories per gram, do you think it is likely that the “total carbohydrate” is in a form that is digestible or undigestible? Why or why not?Nutritional Information label:Calories………………………………….270Calories from fat…………………………45Total fat…………………………………..5 gramsSaturated fat………………………………1.5 gramsTotal carbohydrates………………………48 gramsSugar………………………………………4 gramsProtein…………………………………….8 grams Subject: Beta-globin geneA single mutation in the beta-globin chain of hemoglobin results in sickle cell anemia, a serious disease in which misshapen red blood cells can clog small blood vessels. The mutation results in the use of a valine rather than a glutamic acid as the seventh amino acid in the beta-globin protein. Do you think the results would be as devastating if the mutation resulted in aspartic acid being substituted for the glutamic acid? Why or why not?Subject: CholesterolWhat qualities of cholesterol result in its being considered a lipid? We are used to thinking of cholesterol as something to avoid in our diet–but is it all bad? Explain.Subject: Protein versatilityBased on what you now know about protein and protein structure, why do you think proteins are so well-suited to, as is often stated “carrying out virtually all of a cell’s activities”?Subject: Molecular ChaperonesWhat is the purpose of molecular chaperones and why, based on your reading, is it vital to the cell to have these chaperones?Subject: Transmembrane DomainWhat sort of amino acids would you expect to find in the transmembrane domain of integral membrane proteins? Why? Provide an example of an exception to this generalization (hint: see page 206 of Chap 8)Subject: Adaptation to Cold EnvironmentHow do amphibians/reptiles and plants living in cold environments keep their cell membranes from becoming more rigid/less fluid at these lower temperatures? Why is this less of a concern in warm blooded animals? (see question 3)Subject: Phospholipid FlippingWhy do phospholipids rarely flip from one layer of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer to the other? What is the name of the protein that can catalyze the flip-flop of membrane phospholipids?Subject: Trypsin SensitivityTrypsin is an enzyme that digests other proteins by cleaving the peptide bonds between lysine or arginine and other amino acids. Most proteins are susceptible to trypsin cleavage. Let’s say you have a protein we will call Protein “A” that is trypsin sensitive. How could you use the SDS-PAGE technique to determine whether a commercial source of trypsin you have just obtained is good-i.e. is able to digest target proteins.Subject: Protein StructureWhen trypsin is added to a preparation of intact cells, it can cleave the hydrophilic portions of membrane proteins that protrude from the outer plasma membrane but is unable to penetrate the lipid bilayer and enter a cell. Therefore, trypsin can be used in conjunction with SDS-PAGE to determine which proteins have an extracellular domain. Describe how you could use trypsin and SDS-PAGE to determine if a protein has an extracellular domain that protrudes out of the cell and faces the extra-cellular surroundings?Subject: Gorter and GrendelGorter and Grendel devised a clever approach in the 1920s to deduce that the plasma membrane is a lipid bilayer (and not, for example, a single layer of lipid). Why was it important that they used red blood cells for their studies. Do you think they would have obtained the same results if they had used another cell type?Subject: Types of Lipid MoleculesBiomembranes contain many different types of lipid molecules. What are the three main types of lipid molecules found in biomembranes? How are the 3 types similar and how are they different?Subject: Membrane-associated ProteinsName the 3 groups into which membrane-associated proteins may be classified. Explain the mechanism by which each group associates with a biomembrane.Subject: Week 2 Q & APlease post any questions you have about the materials in week 2.week 3Discussion Topics: Membrane Transport and Signal TransductionThe list below includes the discussion topics for week 3. By THURSDAY you should post your response to at least one question. When you post your response, please start a “New Topic” with the corresponding subject line and question. If the subject is already present in this weeks discussion, please do not duplicate the topic. If you would like to ‘reserve’ a topic for the week, you can post a place holder for the topic, in the discussion area, with a message saying you will be posting on a particular topic. For example, start a ‘New Topic’ with the text ‘coming soon’ or ‘in progress’. This should be done at the beginning of the week to avoid any confusion. It will also be helpful to cut and paste the entire subject or question into the new topic window. This will allow us to more easily follow the thread, since we can see the original question(s). You are required to answer only one question from this entire list, NOT one question from each subject. Please do not answer more than one question before midweek, so that others will have a chance to have the ‘first pass’ at a question.Subject: Movement across membranes – DiffusionHow is facilitated diffusion different from diffusion?Subject: Movement across membranes – Active TransportDefine active transport. How is this mechanism used in the cell?Subject: Cell SignalWhy is it just as important for a cell to terminate a cell signal as it is to initiate one? Give an example of a human disease/disorder caused by a failure to appropriately shut off a signal transduction pathway. Give an example of how a cell signaling pathway can be terminated.Subject: Receptor ClassesThere are two broad classes of cell surface receptors involved in signal transduction. Name these two receptor classes and briefly describe how they differ from one another.Subject: GTP-binding proteinsBriefly describe the two major types of GTP-binding proteins you have become acquainted with in your Chap 14 reading.Subject: RasA single amino acid change in the Ras protein eliminates its ability to hydrolyze GTP, even in the presence of a GTPase activating protein (GAP). Approximately 30% of human cancers have this change in Ras. You have just discovered a small molecule that that prevents dimerization of a receptor tyrosine kinase that signals via Ras. Would you expect this molecule to be effective in the treatment of cancers with mutant Ras protein. Why or why not?Subject: Molecular SwitchesThe two main classes of molecular switches involve changes in phosphorylation state or changes in guanine nucleotide (GTP or GDP) binding. Comment on the following statement: “In the regulation of molecular switches, protein kinases and guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) turn proteins on and protein phosphatases and GTpase activating proteins (GAPs) turn proteins off”.Subject: Phosphate GroupsWhen you were introduced to proteins and protein structure, you learned that the chemical nature of the side chains of amino acids (polar, nonpolar, charged) were important in determining overall protein structure. Given this, why do you think that addition of phosphate groups to proteins (as occurs during signal transduction) might affect protein structure/activity?Subject: G-protein linked receptor signalingThoroughly describe 3 mechanisms used to negatively regulate G-protein linked receptor signaling.Subject: Protein kinase-associated receptorsThere are a number of protein kinase-associated receptors many of which are associated with growth factors.What are kinases?What are the 2 major classes of kinases??Compare the amino acids targeted by the 2 major classes of kinases you describe above. Do you see a common feature of the R groups of each of these amino acids? (All the amino acid structures are shown on pg 44 of your text)What are phosphotases?Subject: Phosphoinositide lipids As you know, phospholipids are very critical components of the plasma membrane of the cell. Not surprisingly, since these lipids are at the interface between the outside and inside of the cell, they often have critical roles in signal transduction pathways. Describe 2 ways in which phosphoinositide lipids participate in signal transduction pathways.Subject: Ligand binding and signalingSignal transduction pathways are initiated when a ligand binds to a receptor on the surface of a cell. Describe 2 mechanisms by which binding of ligand to its receptor results in the initiation of a signaling pathway.Subject: Second MessengersCa++, IP3 and cAMP have all been described as second messengers in cell signaling. Do you agree? Why or why not?Subject: Unit 3 Q & APlease post any questions you have about the materials in week 3.week 4.5em=”” 0px=”” 1em;=”” padding:=”” 0px;=”” border:=”” outline:=”” font-size:=”” 13px;=”” color:=”” rgb(53,=”” 53,=”” 53);=”” font-family:=”” ‘pt=”” sans’,=”” sans-serif;=”” background:=”” rgb(250,=”” 250,=”” 250);”=””>Discussion Topics: Cell Cycles and DNA Structure and ReplicationThe list below includes the discussion topics for week 4. By THURSDAY you should post your response to at least one question. When you post your response, please start a “New Topic” with the corresponding subject line and question. If the subject is already present in this weeks discussion, please do not duplicate the topic. If you would like to ‘reserve’ a topic for the week, you can post a place holder for the topic, in the discussion area, with a message saying you will be posting on a particular topic. For example, start a ‘New Topic’ with the text ‘coming soon’ or ‘in progress’. This should be done at the beginning of the week to avoid any confusion. It will also be helpful to cut and paste the entire subject or question into the new topic window. This will allow us to more easily follow the thread, since we can see the original question(s). You are required to answer only one question from this entire list, NOT one question from each subject. Please do not answer more than one question before midweek, so that others will have a chance to have the ‘first pass’ at a question.Subject: DNA ReplicationThe main enzymes involved in DNA replication are DNA polymerase, DNA helicase, and DNA ligase. Choose one enzyme and define the function of the enzyme and how they are related to the process of DNA replication. Please choose only one enzyme so others can contribute to this question.Subject: Genetic Recombination What is crossing over or genetic recombination? Why is this important to an organism?Subject: DNA polarityHow does the DNA strand have polarity? How does this come into play during replication?Subject: TelomeresWhat are telomeres and how are they maintained?Subject: Genome StabilityHow might multiple gene families arise within the genome?Subject: DNA Replication ControlDescribe the mechanisms in place to prevent DNA from replicating more than once during S phase. Why do you think the cell has gone to extra effort to insure that DNA replicates only once during S phase?Subject: DNA polymeraseDescribe 3 different enzymatic functions of DNA polymerases and explain why each is necessary. Subject: Mismatch RepairWhat would happen if the DNA damage mismatch repair system had no way of distinguishing the “correct” base from the “incorrect” base?Subject: Sister ChromatidsWhat are “sister chromatids”? Why is it important that they remain closely associated with one another until anaphase of mitosis?Subject: Cell Cycle Checkpoints Progression through the various stages of the cell cycle is guarded by a number of cell cycle checkpoints. Name and briefly describe 2 such checkpoints making sure to indicate why they are important.Subject: PrimaseReplication of DNA, which produces a new strand of DNA, also involves synthesis of RNA. Explain.Subject: Exonuclease ActivityThe DNA polymerase 1 involved in replication of bacterial DNA has 3′-5′ and 5′-3′ exonuclease activity. What is the importance of each in the process of DNA replication?Subject: Metlting TemperatureWhich would you expect to have a higher melting temperature (temperature at which DNA is denatured): an A-T rich DNA sequence or a G-C rich sequence? Why?Subject: Unit 4 Q & APlease post any questions you have about the materials in week 3.week 5.5em=”” 0px=”” 1em;=”” padding:=”” 0px;=”” border:=”” outline:=”” font-size:=”” 13px;=”” color:=”” rgb(53,=”” 53,=”” 53);=”” font-family:=”” ‘pt=”” sans’,=”” sans-serif;=”” background:=”” rgb(250,=”” 250,=”” 250);”=””>Discussion Topics: TranscriptionThe list below includes the discussion topics for week 5. By THURSDAY you should post your response to at least one question. When you post your response, please start a “New Topic” with the corresponding subject line and question. If the subject is already present in this weeks discussion, please do not duplicate the topic. If you would like to ‘reserve’ a topic for the week, you can post a place holder for the topic, in the discussion area, with a message saying you will be posting on a particular topic. For example, start a ‘New Topic’ with the text ‘coming soon’ or ‘in progress’. This should be done at the beginning of the week to avoid any confusion. It will also be helpful to cut and paste the entire subject or question into the new topic window. This will allow us to more easily follow the thread, since we can see the original question(s). You are required to answer only one question from this entire list, NOT one question from each subject. Please do not answer more than one question before midweek, so that others will have a chance to have the ‘first pass’ at a question.Subject: RNA vs DNARNA molecules certainly have features in common with DNA, but like proteins, RNA molecules have many different functions within the cell. Please compare and contrast RNA and DNA molecules.Subject: RNA mutationsAlthough incorporation of the wrong nucleotide is not desirable in either the synthesis of DNA corresponding to a particular gene or in the mRNA transcribed off that DNA-explain why such a mistake is more deleterious at the DNA than RNA level.Subject: DegeneracyYour reading has introduced you to the properties of the genetic code including the finding that the code is degenerate. Using this information, explain why mutations at the nucleic acid level are not always reflected by mutations (changes) at the amino acid level during protein synthesis.Subject: The Cost of RNA ProcessingThe removal of exons during processing of a eukaryotic mRNA is both a beneficial and potentially costly process. Describe 2 different advantages that might be offered by the exon-intron structure of eukaryotic genes. How could this process be costly–i.e. what could go wrong and why would this be a problem?Subject: Frameshift MutationWhat is a frameshift mutation and why is this sort of mutation particularly deleterious? How can a frameshift mutation be overcome by the cell-i.e. what sort of additional mutation might “wipe out” the effect of the initial frameshift mutation?Subject: Reverse TranscriptaseReverse transcriptase is an enzyme associated with retroviruses. How does reverse transcriptase differ from RNA polymerase? Is there any evidence that the mammalian genome encodes reverse transcriptase(s)?Subject: Alternative SplicingDefine alternative splicing and explain how this effects the proteins produced in the cell.Subject: PromoterWhere is the promoter located, relative to the DNA that will be transcribed. What is the basic function of the promoter?Subject: Transcription FactorsWhat is the difference between general transcription factors and gene specific transcription factors? How are transcription factors involved in transcription?Subject: Transcription InitiationHow is transcription initiated?Subject: Transcription ElongationWhat is chain elongation during transcription and what enzymes are necessary?Subject: Prokaryote vs EukaryoteHow does prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription differ?Subject: DirectionalityIn what direction is the nascent mRNA transcribed? In what direction does RNA polymerase move along the DNA template?Subject: RNA ProcessingHow is the nascent mRNA processed in a eukaryotic cell?Subject: Week 5 Q & APlease post any questions you have about the week 5 material.weeek 6.5em=”” 0px=”” 1em;=”” padding:=”” 0px;=”” border:=”” outline:=”” font-size:=”” 13px;=”” color:=”” rgb(53,=”” 53,=”” 53);=”” font-family:=”” ‘pt=”” sans’,=”” sans-serif;=”” background:=”” rgb(250,=”” 250,=”” 250);”=””>iscussion Topics: TranslationThe list below includes the discussion topics for week 6. By FRIDAY you should post your response to at least one question. When you post your response, please start a “New Topic” with the corresponding subject line and question. If the subject is already present in this weeks discussion, please do not duplicate the topic. If you would like to ‘reserve’ a topic for the week, you can post a place holder for the topic, in the discussion area, with a message saying you will be posting on a particular topic. For example, start a ‘New Topic’ with the text ‘coming soon’ or ‘in progress’. This should be done at the beginning of the week to avoid any confusion. It will also be helpful to cut and paste the entire subject or question into the new topic window. This will allow us to more easily follow the thread, since we can see the original question(s). You are required to answer only one question from this entire list, NOT one question from each subject. Please do not answer more than one question before midweek, so that others will have a chance to have the ‘first pass’ at a question.Subject: One gene, one enzyme hypothesisComment on why the “one gene-one enzyme” hypothesis put forward by Beadle and Tatum has had to be modified as scientists made further discoveries about the relationship between DNA and proteins.Subject: The Genetic CodeWhat is the genetic code? Describe the properties of the enzyme polynucleotide phosphorylase and discuss how it has been useful in deciphering the genetic code.Subjext: a-amanitinDescribe how the use of the toxin a-amanitin could be used to determine whether expression of the protein product of a specific gene of interest is regulated primarily at the level of transcription or translation.Subject: mRNA turnover rateWhy do you think mRNA generally has a higher turnover rate than rRNA and tRNA? Why do you think some mRNAs have much longer half-lives than others?Subject: tRNA chargingLike most advances in our understanding of biological processes, our understanding of how tRNA molecules are“charged” with the correct amino acid required cleaver experimental approaches. How did investigators, or how might you, go about determining which features of tRNA are important? Similarly, how did investigators determine whether it was the anti-codon or the amino acid in an amino acid-loaded tRNA that recognizes the mRNA codon?Subject: Translation InitiationHow is translation initiated in prokaryotes compared to eukaryotes?Subject: tRNAWhat is the role of the tRNA?Subject: Translation ElongationWhat are the 3 basic steps of elongation and how are they carried out?Subject: Translation TerminationHow is translation terminated?Subject: RibosomesHow are ribosomes involved in translation?Subject: Translation EnzymesWhat enzymes are necessary for translation to occur?Subject: Protein Synthesis LocationAre all cellular proteins synthesized in the rER (rough endoplasmic reticulum)? Explain.Subject: Mitochondrial proteinsAre nuclear-encoded proteins destined for the mitochondria, synthesized on ribosomes associated with the rER or on “free” ribosomes in the cytoplasm? Explain.Subject: Integral membrane vs soluble secreted proteinsHow does synthesis of an integral membrane protein by the rER (rough endoplasmic reticulum) differ from that of a soluble secreted protein? Subject: N-terminusDo all integral membrane proteins have their N-terminal ends in the rER lumen? (In your response, please define what is meant by the N-terminal end of a protein).?Subject: Disulfide IsomeraseExplain how proteins such as protein disulfide isomerase that reside in the rER avoid being shuttled away from the ER (or, I should say, if they are, how are they returned).Subject: Translation locationIs it a feature of the mRNA or of the protein that it encodes, that determines whether a given protein will be synthesized on ribosomes associated with the rER or on cytoplasmic ribosomes? Explain.Subject: Unit 6 Q & APlease post any questions you have about the materials in week 6.

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