If a researcher used an instrument to measure happiness and reports th

If a researcher used an instrument to measure happiness and reports that in the past it has been used to determine degree of hardiness, what would a critique of the study focus on regarding this choice?

a. The validity of the research tool is in question.
b. The population is not adequately represented by the study.
c. There would be a need to find out what were the scores on the questionnaire.
d. All of the above

ESSAYBID ANSWER

ANS: A
A good researcher needs to select an instrument with high validity and reliability. Although a study might determine that the one indicated here works well to measure happiness, that would need to be determined. In critiquing the study, this would be a major flaw unless the researcher reports on the validity of the instrument for this purpose. Questionnaires cannot be applied to different variables without testing.
The representativeness of the population is not of concern in regard to the instrument selected.
Scores on the instrument are not of concern if the instrument is not valid.
Items B and C are not correct, making this choice incorrect also.