BIOL 101 STUDY GUIDE: QUIZ 3 Quiz Preparation

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BIOL 101STUDY GUIDE: QUIZ 3Quiz Preparation Tasks:6Energy-Driven Inventions6.1Your Answers and NotesLiving Systems Require a Flow of EnergyIn a phrase, how do physicists define “energy” ?How would a cell biologist define “energy” ?The physicist’s definition of energy is not ____________ for use in defining energychanges within a living cell.List 5 major sorts or categories of energy change within the cell.On a cold day, which of the following processes do your cells depend on to maintain anoperating temperature of 37 degrees Celsius?a. shiveringb. muscle contractionc. respiration energy productiond. metabolic heat generatione. all of the aboveSometimes the cell pumps substances against diffusion forces that would carry thosesubstances the other way. What term would you give to this process?6.2Laws of Energy Flow in the Living World____________ is freely convertible from one form to another, but ____________ cannever be created or destroyed.Systems that convert energy from one form to another are not 100% efficient, thus theamount of useful energy ____________.In nature, as energy freely changes from one form to another, the total amount of energy____________ ____________.In living things, energy conversion is inefficient, with much energy being lost in the formof ____________.What form of energy do producers use when they set about to generate chemical energy—the energy of C―H and C―O―H bonds?A producer organism is called a “producer” because it produces usable ________________________.When your car engine burns the octane in gasoline, in what form does at least 50% of theenergy of the octane end up?A lit match cannot continue to burn when the wood of the matchstick is consumed. Thisstatement illustrates what general law of energy flow?In a crowded, unventilated room, what causes the temperature to rise?6.3Energy Flows in Chemical ReactionsExisting chemical bonds between atoms are broken and new ones are formed betweendifferent atoms. In the broadest sense this is the definition for a ________________________.Give an example of a chemical reaction.Whenever chemical bonds are broken, energy is ____________. Whenever chemicalbonds form, energy is ____________.Does an endergonic reaction require the input of energy, or does it give off energy?What term is given to the amount of energy required to break the bonds in reactantmolecules?What is true of the bonds in reactant molecules that keeps most chemical reactions innature from occurring?When ____________ energy is not available for a given chemical reaction, the reactionPage 1 of 5BIOL 101will not go.6.4Enzymes Direct Energy FlowHow is the activation energy of desired reactions lowered in living things so that thedesired reactions are able to go forward?What words best describe the way in which enzymes bind to reactant molecules?What exactly does an enzyme do to the chemical bonds within the reactant molecule?By binding to reactant molecules, what effect does an enzyme have on the activationenergy for a given reaction?6.5Energy Flow in Reaction Pathways: MetabolismWhat name would you give to sequences of chemical reactions within cells?In a(n) ____________, the product of one reaction becomes the reactant of the nextreaction, and so on.If the final end product of a metabolic pathway is continually removed and usedelsewhere, then the reactions of the entire pathway will be pulled in the direction ofmaking more ____________ ____________.Suppose an excess amount of product accumulates at the end of a metabolic pathway. Theproduct then binds to the allosteric site of the first enzyme along the pathway, shuttingdown the pathway. What do we call this regulatory process?An allosteric enzyme has a second binding site other than its own active site forconverting substrate to product. What does this second site bind to?If the final product of a metabolic pathway begins to build up in excess, the pathway canoften be slowed down by a process called ____________ ____________.A single regulatory molecule can shut down multiple metabolic pathways if it is able toadd ____________ groups that alter the active site of the first enzyme in each pathway.6.6Energy Pools in the Cell: ATPThree phosphate groups are linked to a ribose sugar which, in turn, is linked to apyrimidine base known as adenine; this phrase describes the structure of ____________.Where in the ATP molecule is the “high energy” bond that carries potential energy and iseasily broken?To derive energy from an ATP molecule, what bond must be broken?Energy-releasing reactions drive biosynthetic ones forward by contributing to a pool of____________ molecules.The substance ____________ would most likely enable a flagellum to drive a bacteriumforward through the medium in which it is swimming.6.7Energy Flow from Carbohydrates to ATP: RespirationIn respiration, chemical energy is transferred from glucose to ATP. The energy transfer,however, is not 100% efficient. In the transfer, some of the energy is lost as____________ (review Section 6.2, above).In what major cellular process are three interrelated, exergonic pathways and oxygen usedto generate large amounts of ATP from glucose molecules?The term ____________ could be defined as about 30 individual, sequential chemicalreactions that form three metabolic pathways: one in the cytoplasm and two within themitochondrion.List the reactants and products of the summary reaction for aerobic respiration.Write out the summary reaction for aerobic respiration.Name the 3 stages of aerobic respiration.The three metabolic pathways that make up aerobic respiration are really all parts of onelarger pathway because the products of early pathways (like NADH) become____________ in the last one.Aerobic Respiration: Stage 1 – GlycolysisWhat is the first stage of aerobic respiration?In the process of glycolysis, one molecule of ____________ is converted to twoPage 2 of 5BIOL 101molecules of ____________.Is carbon dioxide a reactant in or product of glycolysis?Glycolysis is valuable to a cell because it produces ____________ for drivingbiosynthetic processes.Glycolysis is valuable to a cell because it supplies minimal energy without requiring thepresences of ____________ as a reactant.Glycolysis is valuable to a cell because it generates ____________ that can be exchangedfor ATPs later.Glycolysis is valuable to a cell because it produces ____________, which the Krebs cyclecan further degrade for more energy.Aerobic Respiration: Stage 2 – The Krebs CycleAll of the six carbon atoms in each glucose molecule leave respiration in the form ofcarbon dioxide. Most of them leave during which part of aerobic respiration?Which of the following is not a product of the Krebs cycle?a. FADH2b. carbon dioxidec. ATPd. NADe. NADHThe Krebs cycle’s NADH products are of value. In what way?The most energetic and useful product of the Krebs cycle is ____________.Aerobic Respiration: Stage 3 – Electron Transfer PhosphorylationWhat is the immediate source of electrons for electron transfer phosphorylation?The final stage of aerobic respiration involves the phosphorylation of ____________ to____________ by transfer of electrons.During the electron transfer reactions, protons (H+ ions) are pumped (moved) to one sideof the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. The value of this pumping is that theresulting proton gradient is then used to ____________.What is the most valuable product, energetically, of electron transfer phosphorylation?The value of the three stages of aerobic respiration is their ability to break down glucose,a single molecule, with the resultant production of about ____________ ATP molecules.6.9Energy Flow from Photons to Carbohydrates:Photosynthesis____________ organisms build their own energy-rich molecules using solar energy.Plants are considered autotrophic because their cells contain what critical molecule?Name a process that uses chlorophyll molecules to produce high-energy carbohydrates.List the reactants and products for the overall process of photosynthesis.In photosynthesis, the H atoms used to make high-energy carbohydrates like glucosecome from which reactant molecule?Photosynthesis: Stage 1 – Light-Dependent ReactionsThe wavelengths of light used in photosynthesis are found in the ____________ portionof the electromagnetic spectrum.Each wavelength of light has its own ____________ level.When light of the correct wavelength hits a photosynthetic pigment molecule, an electronwithin one of its atoms becomes ____________.What is the value of accessory pigments within the chloroplast’s structure?Accessory pigments and chlorophylls work together within the thylakoid membrane inclusters called ____________.Photosystems harvest light energy and use it to transfer electrons to ____________molecules.Page 3 of 5BIOL 101The light-dependent reaction is like the last stage of aerobic respiration in that bothreaction sequences carry out ____________ ____________ phosphorylations.The light-dependent reaction is like the last stage of aerobic respiration in that bothprocesses generate the energy-rich ____________ molecule.The light-dependent reaction is like the last stage of aerobic respiration in that bothprocesses involve the flow of ____________.The light-dependent reaction is like the last stage of aerobic respiration in that bothsystems are lodged with a ____________ surface.What is the role of NADPH in the process of photosynthesis? What does it carry? Fromwhere to where?NADPH is formed when it accepts high-energy ____________ from an excitedphotosystem.List 3 products of the light-dependent reaction.Photosynthesis: Stage 2 – Light-Independent ReactionsIn the chloroplast, light-dependent reactions take place in the ____________ membrane,while light-independent reactions take place in the fluid of the ____________.Where, within the chloroplast, are new molecules of glucose generated?The immediate product of photosynthesis, three-carbon PGALs can be assembled togetherto generate ____________ molecules.The immediate product of photosynthesis, three-carbon PGALs can also find their wayinto ____________ sugar molecules.The immediate product of photosynthesis, three-carbon PGALs may eventually becomepart of the subunits of ____________ polymers.The immediate product of photosynthesis, three-carbon PGALs are used to generatetransport and ____________ forms of carbohydrates.6.10 Energy Flow: An Integrated PictureThe overall process that uptakes energy-poor molecules (CO2 and H2O) from theirreservoirs in nature and converts them into energy-rich molecules is ____________.What 2 processes complement each other within the global carbon cycle?____________ organisms specialize in capturing energy.____________ organisms are highly efficient at handling energy.____________ organisms generate far more C―H bond energy than they themselvesutilize.7Information and Its Expression in the Cell7.1The Need for Biological InformationBiological information must exist because cell structure is ____________ enough torequire information for its construction.7.2The Nature of Biological InformationWho discovered DNA and from what source did he isolate it?What was the principle tool Rosalind Franklin used to unravel the structure of DNA?DNA contains two chains of nucleotides in which ____________ and ____________alternate in supporting each chain structurally.Where in the DNA molecule’s structure is the genetic information located?Where in the cell is DNA stored?DNA is stored within a partially-condensed fiber called ____________.Page 4 of 5BIOL 101Griffith exposed weak living bacteria to just the fluids from heat-killed virulent bacteria.Some of these weak bacteria became virulent and could now kill mice. What controlexperiment did he do to argue that his weak bacteria changed to virulence in thesestudies? Select a choice from below.a. He grew his non-virulent bacteria for several years before infecting mice withthem.b. He injected viruses into his mice to test their resistance to viral infection.c. He injected virulent bacteria into rabbits to see if they would die.d. He injected heat-killed virulent bacterial fluids into a mouse to make sure themouse would survive.e. He isolated two strains of bacteria and maintained them in colonies.Page 5 of 5

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