7.3 The Expression of Biological Information

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STUDY GUIDEQuiz Preparation Tasks:7Your Answers and NotesInformation and Its Expression in the Cell7.3 The Expression of Biological InformationA Context for Understanding Gene ExpressionWhen the organism expresses a set of genes, the result is the characteristics of thatorganism. These characteristics are called its ____________.The term “transcription” means the process of reading a base sequence in ____________ togenerate a complementary base sequence in ____________.Why is the word “translation” used for protein production?Information from DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then transported to ribosomes.This phrase describes the role of ____________ in ____________ expression.Describe 2 major problems that transcription solves for the cell.Transcription: Using Some Genes Now and Some Not at AllIn the process of transcription, the base sequence in the molecule ____________ is read bythe molecule ____________, an enzyme that makes RNA molecules.Which RNA product helps the ribosome to recognize how and where to begin working?Following the transcription event, list 4 separate parts of the overall processing of mRNAin the cell’s nucleus.In the cell nucleus, a pre-mRNA has its introns removed by ____________ enzymes.Translation: Making ProteinsIn the translation process, tRNA molecules are also called “adapter” molecules. Why?What is their function?There are more than four kinds of amino acids in proteins. Each kind of amino acid mustbe coded for in mRNA. Thus, a short sequence of mRNA bases called a(n) ____________is used to code for each amino acid in the translation process.What is a general name for a three-dimensional, folded molecule shaped like an “L,” withan anticodon at one end and an amino acid attachment site at the other end?Transferring correct amino acids to the ribosome during elongation is a good description ofthe role of ____________ in the cell cytoplasm.What is the role of tRNA synthetase in the cell’s cytoplasm?Peptide bonds are formed during the ____________ stage of translation.The role of the ribosome or its subunits: creating a channel for ____________ to enter andexit.The role of the ribosome or its subunits: helping tRNA ____________-codons to bind tomRNA ____________.The role of the ribosome or its subunits: comparing ____________ anti-codons againstcorresponding ____________ codons.The role of the ribosome or its subunits: binding ____________ ____________ together toform a polypeptide chain.This sequence best represents the overall flow of ____________ in a cell: transcription,pre-mRNA processing, translation, protein processing, exportList all of the organelles involved in the flow of information from archival DNA to itsexpression as a resulting glycoprotein.In order to elongate mRNA, RNA polymerase must unwind and open double-stranded____________.In order to elongate mRNA, RNA polymerase must sense correct ____________ andincorporate them into the new RNA strand.In order to elongate mRNA, RNA polymerase must dislodge the ____________ strandfrom its temporary pairing with DNA.Page 1 of 3In order to elongate mRNA, RNA polymerase must ____________ the RNA strand toremove and replace copying errors.The Genetic CodeThe ____________ is often represented as a chart in which a specific sequence of bases inmRNA (a codon) is used to represent each amino acid building block found in the world ofproteins.The genetic code is said to be degenerate. What does this mean?8Informational Continuity in Cells8.1 A Thin Skin of Life Chasing DeathWhat are the 3 essential resources that a daughter cell must get from a parent cell or fromnature in order to succeed in living life?Life perpetuates itself at the ____________ level by acquiring monomers and energysources at the microscopic level and by carrying out absorption, processing and growing“for” the organism.8.2 Cell Division: A Requirement for LifeWhen DNA is replicated, the two strands are first separated through breakage of____________; each strand then becomes a ____________ against which two new strandsare made.8.3 Cell Division Is Part of a Cycle: The Cell CycleList the 4 symbols/names for the 4 stages of the cell cycle.The “S” phase of the cell cycle represents the activity of DNA ____________.Moving ahead with cell division is controlled by the interaction of hormones with cellsurface ____________ proteins, interaction of receptor proteins with ____________intermediates, interaction of cyclins with ____________ proteins, and interaction of kinaseproteins with inactive ____________ proteins.8.4 MitosisList in order the stages of mitosis.The nuclear membrane of the cell disintegrates during which mitotic period of the cellcycle?The mitotic stage of metaphase is most clearly defined by what organelle activity with whatresult?The de-condensation of visible chromosomes back into chromatin fibers is a definingfeature of which phase of the cell cycle?8.6 Cancer: Mutation Threatening DesignThe Unifying Basis of CancerList the 2 principle characteristics of the disease cancer.A ____________ is a mutated form of a gene that normally directs the activation ofregulatory pathways moving a cell toward division.What would you call genes that normally direct the inhibition of cell division regulatorypathways?A Tale of Two Cancer GenesIn healthy cells, what is the normal function of the activated ras protein?9Complexity IV: From Cell to Organism9.1 Development: Decoding a Master PlanWhat Can Be Done with a Fertilized Egg?Information for developing an animal comes from within the animal. This is a majorPage 2 of 3difference between animal development and ____________ development.Getting from One Cell to You or to a TreeList the recognized organ systems to be found within the human body.Summarize the structure and function of the endocrine system.9.3 Development of a Human BeingEarly EventsA sequence of human cell divisions accompanied by some growth and cell differentiationconvert an early, solid ball of cells called a ____________ into a hollow ball of cells calleda ____________.Embryonic Differentiation of Organ SystemsList and distinguish all the terms that would be used to describe aspects of the threedimensional adult form.In the three-dimensional form of the adult Dalmatian dog, what would the “front” end ofthe animal be named?Your primordial (early) ____________ began as a fusion of two endocardial tubes nearyour midline.Organogenesis of the BrainList the 5 pre-specialized (early) regions of the brain found in a 7-week-old human embryo.Successful differentiation of early brain regions requires that cells destined to form theseregions have surface receptors for both the ____________ and ____________ signalproteins.What is the role of the adult cerebrum?Heart rate and respiratory inhalation rate functions in the mature human adult arecontrolled by the ____________ ____________.Which part of the mature adult brain exerts a dominant control over the endocrine system?The brain most directly interacts with and controls the ____________ ____________ andthe peripheral ____________.Page 3 of 3

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