The long-term pattern of American foreign trade policy from 1789 to 19

The long-term pattern of American foreign trade policy from 1789 to 1914 was

(a) protectionist at first, becoming more liberal before 1861, then more protectionist again.
(b) liberal at first, becoming more protectionist before 1861, then shifting to greater liberalism
as the country’s industrialization spread in the later 19th century.
(c) free trade after the Civil War, but very protectionist in general before 1861.
(d) none of the above.

ANSWER

(d)