BIOL 101 STUDY GUIDE: QUIZ 2 Quiz Preparation Tasks

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BIOL 101STUDY GUIDE: QUIZ 2Quiz Preparation Tasks:4Your Answers and NotesComplexity II: Molecular Efficiency andVariety4.3 Carbohydrates: Structure and FunctionList the 4 classes of biomolecules and the class of monomers used as building blocks in thepolymers of each class.What 3 kinds of atoms does a carbohydrate contain?SugarsWhat 2 characteristics of sugars make them members of the class of “carbohydrates” ?Five of the six carbon atoms in a ____________ molecule are typically found bondedtogether with an oxygen atom in a ring structure.Name 2 general classes or kinds of sugar molecules.Carbohydrate PolymersWhat is the function of glycogen?4.4 Lipids: Structure and FunctionLipids are a class of molecules defined by their ____________ in water.Other than for cooking French fries, list 3 biological functions of lipid molecules of varioussorts.The Wonderfully Functional Fat MoleculeThe structure of a fat molecule (a polymer) consists of what 3 monomers covalentlybonded to a glycerol molecule?Unsaturated fats have a higher number of ____________ ____________ between carbonatoms in their structures.Animal fats tend to be ____________ with hydrogen atoms.The Amazing PhospholipidIn a phospholipid, what are the 3 (monomeric) parts that are attached to the glycerolmolecule?A phospholipid is a large polymeric molecule that is ____________ over most of itsstructure but very ____________ at one end.What is the functional role of phospholipids in cells?Mighty TestosteroneThe structure of testosterone: four rings of ____________ atoms bonded together with____________ atoms around the edges.List 4 functional roles of the hormone testosterone in the human male.4.5 Proteins: Structure and FunctionA Glorious Structure Supports Myriads of FunctionsWhat 4 structural groups surround the central carbon atom of an amino acid?Polymers of amino acids that are linked in linear chains and that contain atoms of nitrogenare called ____________.Crossing Biomolecular Class LinesGlycoproteins are molecules that are partially simple ____________ and partially____________.4.7 Nucleic Acids: Structure and FunctionNucleotides: The MonomersPage 1 of 3BIOL 101A nucleotide monomer could best be described as a five-carbon ____________ that isbonded to a nitrogen-containing ____________ and to either one, two or three____________ groups.The Polymers: DNA and RNAList the 4 kinds of nitrogen-containing bases found in DNA molecules.Which base is used in RNA but not DNA?State the function of the sequence of bases in a long, polymeric DNA molecule.Structurally, the monomers of RNA contain the sugar ____________ and the nitrogenousbases ____________, ____________, ____________, and ____________.What polymer enables the cell’s information to flow from DNA out into the cell cytoplasmin a more expressible form?5Complexity III: The Glory of the Cell5.1 What Is a Cell?Why is it impossible to write a brief dictionary definition of life?DefinitionCriticize the text’s definition of a cell. What is a major difficulty with this definition?Cell TheoryList the 3 parts or elements of cell theory.Generalizations: At Once Brilliant and NaïveHow do slime molds violate the first element of cell theory?Cells are small because the ____________ rate of molecules will not support life overgreater distances.5.2 Living Cells Are ComplexWhat structure do prokaryotic cells always lack?A major portion of prokaryotic cells go by the common name ____________.Generally speaking, prokaryotic cells are ____________ and ____________ thaneukaryotic cells.Bacteria are typically very small, yet even the largest bacterium is still only a prokaryote.Why?Prokaryotic IntricaciesDescribe 2 possible arrangements for membranes and wall in the boundary around aprokaryotic cell.List 2 possible functions of the second outer membrane in some prokaryotic cells.A prokaryotic cell is protected against osmotic swelling and rupture by its ____________.Some bacteria always live in surroundings with the same concentration of dissolvedsubstances as in their own cytoplasm. What structure do these bacteria not need?List the names and roles of 5 specific classes of proteins found bound within a prokaryoticcell membrane.List 2 broad classes of biomolecules found within the nucleoid of a prokaryotic organism.Describe a microcompartment and state where they are found.____________ house enzymes that trap carbon dioxide and bind it to larger substratemolecules.Prokaryotic OrganizationIn order for the unwanted bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes to adhere to your throat cells,attachment to your cells must be made. This is done using new proteins called____________ and new cell structures called ____________.Why is it difficult for human macrophages to detect and destroy strep cells?The streptococcal cell structure that does the most direct damage to the human body is____________ protein.Page 2 of 3BIOL 101Eukaryotic IntricaciesAn important function of the eukaryotic cell ____________ is to maintain the high level oforderliness found within the cell.The cell’s DNA, plus its scaffolding, are referred to as ____________. It contains the cell’sarchive of ____________.What do you call discrete, visible lengths of DNA sequence found in human cell nuclei?What important activity occurs in the cell’s nucleolus?Eukaryotic cells heavily responsible for making proteins have their ribosomes arrangedwithin a network of channels known as the ____________ ____________.What cell organelles have ribosomes in their membranes? (Ribosomes do proteinsynthesis.)What is the role of the Golgi complex within the cell cytoplasm?Which cell organelle would be useful in a cell that takes in and destroys viruses?Describe how a lysosome is formed.____________ are little molecular machines (eukaryotic cell structures) that move vesiclesand organelles throughout the cytoplasm of the cell.____________ and ____________ are structures that walk along microtubules in theeukaryotic cell, carrying vesicles from place to place.A eukaryotic cell that needs to have a lot of ATP energy would have a lot of what kind oforganelle?What is the functional role of chloroplasts within plant cells?In a eukaryotic cell, the reactions of ____________ convert energy into the form of ATPwithin a structure called the ____________.Eukaryotic OrganizationRibosomes in an acinar cell generate the amino acid sequence of the digestive enzyme____________.Within an acinar cell, the enzyme amylase reaches its final form within the ____________.When the enzyme amylase from the pancreas is finally ready for use, where, within thecells, is it stored?What stimulates the release of the enzyme amylase into the pancreatic duct so that it canbreak down starches?The small intestine signals the ____________ cell that food (starch) is present; the signal isa ____________ that binds to ____________ on the cell.What is the immediate effect of the binding of acetylcholine to an acinar cell surfacereceptor protein?Page 3 of 3

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