Politics Ch.4 :Government S Role In th Economy

QUESTION

Read week5 slides. pptxtextbook: A Novel Approach to Politics Ch.4 :Government S Role In th Economy: the offer you can T Refuseand Ch.12 International Politics: Apocalypse Now and then.paper topic: The Political influence on the economy.The task here is to write a coherent presentation, exploration and critical discussion of a topic. You will be graded on your ability to critically analyze rather than summarize your findings.****I will increase the price after I see the work, I had very bad experience with some of tutors, please understand. If you don’t okay with this, please do not assigned this question. Thank you!****PUBLIC POLICIES:WHAT WE PRODUCEWeek 5This week¢We will look at:“““¢economics and economic policysocial policyinternational policyTo do this we still consider:““The Policymaking processCase studiesPolicymaking¢¢What prompts the governments tocreate new policies?Who gets what, when and how?4 Stages of Policymaking¢¢¢¢Agenda SettingPolicy FormulationAdoptionImplementationAgenda Setting & ProblemRecognition¢¢¢Something causing distress or dissatisfactionSomething gov’t can deal withSomething that can be put on national policy agendaPolluted airUnsafe work placesHealthcareList of Topics which government gives its attention to¢Problem identification¢Constantly shifting of priorities¢No one group dominantHow determine Agenda1. Personal interest of Legislators2. IndicatorsAny type of measurementCause Congress to see problem as meaningfulUsually some increase in a measureunemploymentinflationdeath ratecrime rateHow determine Agenda3. Any focusing event of crisiswhether or not think event is importantterrorist attackair line crashesOil crisis “ prices/supply/spills4. Symbols – attach idea to symbolCommunismIndividual FreedomBig GovernmentFairnessPOLICY FORMULATIONœINCUBATIONDevelopment of alternatives for what shouldbe done policy statements1. Collection, analysis, and dissemination ofinformationHearingsPolicy experts/reportsPOLICY FORMULATIONœINCUBATION2. Development of Policy AlternativesCourse of actionPolitical & technical considerationsDiscussion/explore solutions3. Advocacy of Supported AlternativesAppropriate and acceptable4. Formal Decision – refine solutionsPOLICY ADOPTION ANDLEGITIMIZATIONApproval of Proposal¢Law whose time has come – Policy windowProvisions passed by act of CongressLegal ForceSigned by President (Symbolic Acts)Gain popular acceptance – viewed asright and duly adopted¢POLICY IMPLEMENTATION¢left up to Bureaucracy – put into effect – notself executingDelegation – Broad GuidelinesRules and StandardsEnforcementOversight and EvaluationFeedbackCHARACTERISTICSA. PrinciplesDecide what to adoptRecognizeget Congress to do somethingsolution – have to meet principle1. Value Acceptability – values of America2. Technological Feasibilityshow solution – solve problem?program will workhave to rely on experts3. Meets Budget Constraints – AFFORDABLE?B. Localities/Localismpractical politicschoose solution most local benefits – CONSTITUENT NEEDSbased on assessment of local benefits – cost/benefits1. General cost & benefits – where locality can’t be determined¢ Medical research¢ National defense2. Weigh particular benefits to localitiesshow number of Senators that locality will benefitpieces all made in different districts3. Cost and Benefits to different groupsaffects groups – Congressmen interestedTeachers, laborers, real estate agentsDOMESTIC POLICY MAKING1. DistributiveTangible benefits to private groups and individualsSubsidieslargess of gov’t to narrow sectors of communityFarmingResearchTransportationConstructionDams, Roads, BridgesAcademic research grantsDOMESTIC POLICY MAKING¢¢Best when tax revenue expandingStrong impulse in CongressJohn Ensign (R-NV)œI hate the idea of pork, but it theres a pot ofmoney, I want to make sure that Nevada gets itsfair share2. RedistributiveREALLOCATION OF GOODS OR FREEDOMSAMONG CLASSES¢visible shift resources from one to anothergroupsMost difficult of all politicsControversialIDEOLOGICAL ARGUMENTSLiberal v. Conservative¢Socioeconomic divisive issues¢Have and Have nots¢Class conflictsRedistributive – examples¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢¢Redistribution of wealthIncome tax/Tax ReformWelfare/food stamps,SSICivil rightsAffirmative ActionBusingHomelessnessAid to education3. RegulatoryProtect public interests from harm or abuse by regulatingthe delivery of certain services¢TV Broadcasting, Air Travel, Consumer Rights,Environment¢Narrow Interests¢direct choice who will be indulged and who deprived¢zero sum game¢Rules of Conduct¢Congress withdraws from game – leave to bureaucracyInternational Politics¢¢¢Realism is both historically andconceptually the predominant perspectiveon international politics.In part, this is because war is what wenotice about international politics.Most of international politics is actuallyabout cooperation: trade, travel,communication, environmental regulation,and the like.Terms¢Balance of power refers to the way thedistribution of power internationallyinfluences the pattern of alliances thatform.“¢Alliance formation driven by the fear that themore powerful side might be pursuing gainsBandwagoning refers to allying with astronger power to gain favor or to share inspoils.Terms¢¢Constructivism is a communicationtheory based on the idea that theconstruction of the œother is apredominant influence on internationaldecision making and action.Marxism argues that imperialism andcolonialism extend capitalist exploitationinto the international context.Case Studies¢Example 1 “ Healthcare PolicyExample 1 – Healthcare policy¢Policymaking““Problems are clearSolutions are not in short supplyHealthcare Policy¢¢¢¢15% Americans lack health insuranceEvery other major industrialized nation hasuniversal health care16% of Gross National Product on healthcare costs.Proportion higher than any otheradvanced nationHealthcare Policy¢¢US citizens remain comparativelyunhealthyLife expectancy behind 24 other countries““¢¢Men 75Women 80Health issuesQuality of healthcare system ranks lowProblem of the Uninsured¢¢¢¢4 times likely not to see a doctorMore likely to miss health screenings &check upsExtensive and expensive care laterbecause of early care delayFree care pools “ cost to workingWho are the uninsured?¢People with limited or no access toemployee sponsored coverage“““““Low incomePart time/seasonalSingle Childless adultsYoung AdultsChildrenIssues surrounding the Legislation¢Government Sponsored?““¢¢¢¢¢Public OptionOpt out?Cost/CoverageUninsured/UnderinsuredPre-existing ConditionsHealth Savings Accounts/PrivateInsuranceShort term vs. Long term benefits/SavingsHealth Care Reform 2009-2010¢¢¢¢November 7, 2009 “ House passes billDecember 24 2009 “ Senate passes(own)billMarch 21st House passes Senate version(219-212)March 22nd President signs billHealth Care Reform 2009-2010¢¢¢March 25th “ Senate passes reconciliationpackage (56-43)March 25th House passes reconciliationpackage (220-207)President signs reconciliationActors¢President & Executive Branch“““Left Details to CongressSpeeches “ Power to Persuade/Arm TwistingHealthcare SummitThe Patient Protection andAffordable Care Act¢¢¢UninsuredInsuredImmediate effectsTHE UNINSURED¢Federal penalty starting in 2014“¢$695, or 2 percent of income.Families who fall below the income-taxfiling thresholds would not owe anything.Nor would people who cannot find a policythat costs less than 8 percent of theirincome.EXPANDED MEDICAID¢¢More lower-income individuals under theage of 65 would be covered by Medicaid,the federal health insurance plan for thepoor.Under the new rules, households withincome up to 133 percent of the federalpoverty level, or about $29,327 for a familyof four, would be eligible.EXCHANGES & SUBSIDIES¢¢Most other uninsured people would berequired to buy insurance through one ofthe new state-run insurance exchanges.People with incomes of more than 133percent of the poverty level but less than400 percent (thats $29,327 to $88,200 fora family of four) would be eligible forpremium subsidies through theexchanges.EXCHANGES & SUBSIDIES¢Premiums would also be capped at apercentage of income, ranging from 3percent of income to as much as 9.5percent.EMPLOYER COVERAGE¢People who receive coverage throughlarge employers would be unlikely to seeany drastic changes, nor should premiumsor coverage be affected.CHANGES IN MEDICARE¢¢¢¢Medicare prescription drug program.Unpopular œdoughnut hole ” a big,expensive gap in coverage that affectsmillions ” would be eliminated by 2020.Starting immediately, consumers who hitthe gap would receive a $250 rebate.In 2011, they would receive a 50 percentdiscount on brand name drugs.Employers 50+ workers¢¢¢Employers with 50 or more full-timeworkers would pay a penalty if they do notoffer health benefits$2,000 penalty for each full time worker inthe company, but exempts the first 30employees while calculating the penalty.For example, an employer with 53 workerswould pay the penalty for 23 workers, or$46,000.TAX ON HIGH-COST HEALTHPLANS:¢¢Starting in 2018, 40 percent excise tax onhigh-cost employer-sponsored grouphealth plans with premiums over $10,200for individual coverage and $27,500 forfamilyBeginning in 2020, the thresholds will riseby the inflation rate.MEDICARE PAYROLL TAX:¢an additional 3.8 percent tax on capitalgains, dividends, interest and otherœunearned income.Cost “ Congressional BudgetOffice¢¢The law will cost the government about$938 billion over 10 yearsEstimated that it will reduce the federaldeficit by $138 billion over a decadeINSURANCE MARKET REFORMS¢¢Insurers cannot place lifetime dollar limitson policies, deny coverage to childrenbecause of pre-existing conditions, andcancel policies because someone getssick.Parents are able to keep older kids ontheir coverage up to age 26.¢¢A new high-risk pool will offer coverage touninsured people with medical problemsuntil 2014Insurers are prohibited from denyingcoverage to people with medical problemsor charging them more. Insurers cannotcharge women more.Immediate¢¢Health insurers cannot deny coverage tochildren with medical problems orsuddenly drop coverage for people whobecome ill.Insurers must allow children to stay ontheir parents policies until they turn 26.Your thoughts?¢¢Was this Distributive, Redistributive orRegulatory?The Supreme Court has upheld the Lawbut some parts of the law have also beenchallenged. Do you think the law shouldbe repealed?Example 2 – Poverty¢In US““¢35 million live in poverty14%World3 billion people (1/2 the world) live on less than$2.50 /day¢According to UNICEF, 26,500 “ 30,000children die each day due to povertyPoverty¢The official poverty rate in the US in 2012 was 15.1%“¢In 2012, 43.6 million people were in poverty“¢up from 13.2 % in 2008.up from 39.8 million in 2008Race¢White12.8%¢Black27.6%¢Hispanic 25.3%¢Asian12.2%Causes of Poverty¢Stereotypical explanations““““The poor cause their own povertyLive for momentSelf defeating behaviorCulture of poverty¢¢Feel negative, inferior, passive, hopeless &powerlessBlame the poorCauses of Poverty¢¢¢¢Minimum wagesAccess to educationFlight of middle class from cities tosuburbsWelfare system has been attackedEffects of Poverty¢Children “ Health Issues““““Infants “ low birth weightMiss school more often because of illnessTwice as likely to have impaired vision &hearingLevels of stress in the family¢Violence in familyHomelessness¢¢Extreme PovertyStrong set of risk for families“¢¢Less likely to receive proper nutrition orimmunizationsGreater life stressDisruption in work, school, familyrelationships & friendshipsGovernment Programs1. Income maintenance4. Housing AssistanceTemporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF)General Assistance5. HealthSocial SecurityMedicaidSupplemental Security IncomeMedicareUnemployment Compensationpublic health programs2. Nutritionfood stampsschool breakfastsschool lunches3. Social Servicescommunity mental healthlegal servicessupportive social serviceschild day careadoptioncounselingfamily planningYour Thoughts?¢¢¢What should be done for people who livebelow the poverty line?How much should government do?Other ways?Example 3 “ Capital Punishment¢¢70% of Country SupportsIn 2013 there were 39 executions““¢¢38 by lethal injection1 by electrocution.In 2012 “ 433,033 inmates on Death RowDeath Penalty Stats for 2013¢In 2013, 39 inmates were executed:““““““16 in Texas7 in Florida6 in Oklahoma3 in Ohio2 Arizona and Missouri1 each in Virginia, Georgia and AlabamaDeath Penalty StatsOf the 8,032 people under sentence ofdeath between 1977 and 201216% had been executed,6% died by causes other than execution,40% received other dispositions.Methods of ExecutionTypeLethal injectionElectrocutionLethal gasHangingFiring squad# of States that allow3683328th Amendment to the Constitution¢Excessive bail shall not be required, norexcessive fines imposed, nor cruel andunusual punishments inflicted.What is Cruel & Unusual Punishment?¢¢¢¢¢Punishment proportional to the offense?Not arbitrary?Restriction on government powerHumane?Is Capital Punishment Cruel & UnusualPunishment?US Supreme Court Cases¢Furman v. Georgia (1972)“““¢Moratorium on the Death PenaltyArbitrary & CapriciousStates had to ReviseGregg v. GA (1976)“Limited application only to cases involving aggravatedmurder¢“Multiple, Serial, In Commission of another felony2 Parts to Court ProcedureGuilt or InnocenceRecommend Death Penalty or notCourt Cases¢Coker v. GA (1977)“¢Atkins v. VA (2002)“¢Death Penalty cannot be used in cases ofrapeSocietal consensus existed against executionof mentally retarded prisonersRoper v. Simmons (2005)“Death Penalty cannot be used on offendersunder the age of 18Arguments for Death Penalty?¢¢¢¢¢Brings emotional closure to pain &suffering of families of victimsPrevents murderers from murdering againPublic Safety “ no escapesDeterrenceBiblical tradition of Eye for EyeArguments Against Death Penalty?¢¢¢Doesnt reduce crimeNot a DeterrentIs Expensive“¢¢Reduces Public SafetyArbitrary in its operation“¢3 times the costRacial biasMistakes that are made are finalYour Thoughts?¢¢Do you agree with the Death Penalty?Why or why not?Example 4 – Gun Control¢¢¢200 million guns in private hands in US50% of households contain at least 1 gunIn the last twenty-four years, an averageof 32,300 Americans died each year fromfirearms2nd AmendmentA well regulated Militia, being necessary tothe security of a free State, the right of thepeople to keep and bear Arms, shall not beinfringed.Guns & Crime¢Firearms used“““in 67.1 % of the Nations murders,In 42.6 % of robberies,In 20.9 % of aggravated assaults.Fighting Crime¢¢Guns represent something tangible thatcan be controlledOther countries“Lower crime rates & tougher gun policiesGun Control PoliciesPolicy made regarding these areasAvailability (where)Use (hunting, recreation etc)Distribution (who can get them)Deadliness (type of gun)Advocates for Guns¢¢¢Gun control will not solve the crimeproblemGun control violates individual rightsSelf DefenseNational Rifle Association¢¢¢¢¢œGuns dont kill people, people kill peopleAggressive lobbying/very powerfulChallenge any attempt to curtail right toown & use weapons.Ownership of guns is uncontrollableœSlippery slopeOpponents¢Gun availability““School violenceChildren access/desensitized¢¢¢¢Violence from TV, movies, video gamesGun use “ instrumental act not intentionalGuns has changed victimization patternsWhile Guns do not increase overall level ofcrime, seem to increase the seriousnessof attackFederal Govt¢Federal Gun Control Act of 1968“““““Public outcry over assassinationsEmphasized restrictions on availability &distribution of gunsBanned mail order salesOutlawed sales to convicted felons, fugitives,and individuals with certain mental illnessesRestricted private ownership of automatic &military weaponsBrady Law – 1993¢¢Background check5 day œcooling off period prior topurchasing a gunFinishing up on Gun Control¢Federal Govt “ limited laws““¢Left to the Courts and the States“““¢Federal Gun Control Act of 1968Brady Law “ 1993LobbyistsElectionsCourt decisions frame the issueMost Recent CaseDISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ET AL. v.HELLER (2008)¢¢District of Columbia law banned handgunpossession by making it a crime to carryan unregistered firearm and prohibiting theregistration of handgunsrequired residents to keep lawfully ownedfirearms unloaded and dissembled orbound by a trigger lock or similar device.Supreme Court Opinion in HellerThe Second Amendment protects anindividual right to possess a firearmunconnected with service in a militia, and touse that arm for traditionally lawfulpurposes, such as self-defense within thehomeSupreme Court Opinion in Heller¢¢The handgun ban and the trigger-lockrequirement (as applied to self-defense) violatethe Second Amendment.The Districts total ban on handgun possessionin the home amounts to a prohibition on anentire class of œarms that Americansoverwhelmingly choose for the lawful purpose ofself-defense.Your Thoughts?¢How do we control guns?¢¢ORShould we control guns?

ANSWER

CLICK HERE TO GET AN EXPERT SOLUTION TO THE QUESTION