Investigators develop a study to determine

QUESTION

1. Investigators
develop a study to determine if the yearly influenza vaccine is effective in
preventing influenza in those persons 65 years of age and older. A local survey
identified 117 persons who fit the age criteria and had laboratory-confirmed
influenza in the past year. The survey also identified 383 persons fitting the
age criteria who reported no influenza in the past year. Interviews revealed
that 70 of the 117 persons reporting influenza did not receive an influenza
vaccine the previous year while 287 of the 383 persons reporting no influenza
did receive their annual influenza vaccination.

(a) What
type of epidemiological study is this?

(b) Provide
a 2×2 table with the data organized so that we can evaluate whether annual
influenza vaccinations are effective in those persons 65 years of age or older.
(Show all pertinent tables, calculations. etc)

(c)
Using the appropriate measure of association
determine if the annual influenza vaccination is effective in preventing
influenza infections in those over 65 years of age.

2. A
study of oral contraceptive use and its relation to the subsequent development
of bladder infections in women was conducted. In 1973 a group of 2390 women,
between the ages of 16-49 years old, who were free of bladder infections, was selected.
Of these women, 482 were oral contraceptive users, while 1908 were not. In 1976
a second survey was conducted and revealed that 27 of the oral contraceptive
users had developed bladder infections while 77 of the non-contraceptive users
had developed bladder infections.

(a)
What type of epidemiological study is this?

(b)
Complete a 2×2 table for the data in this study.

(c) From
this study, is the risk of bladder infection in women associated with the use
oral contraceptives? What is the nature of this association if one exists?
(show all pertinent tables and calculations)

3. Sixty three people
ate dinner at Chateau Moose Restaurant on February 14, 2012. Twenty six
experienced foodborne disease as a result of their meal. Calculate the attack
rate of foodborne disease for this event.

4.

DEATH RATES FOR
2005

MALES

FEMALES

BOTH

ALL CAUSES

1,172,959

1,139,185

2,312,144

ACCIDENTS

61,401

31,919

93,320

NEOPLASMS

281,611

256,844

538,455

VIRAL HEPATITIS

2,076

1,324

3400

INFANT DEATHS

16,622

12,961

29,583

MATERNAL DEATHS

NA

289

289

TOTAL POPULATION

128,313,798

134,441,472

262,755,720

(a)
Calculate the crude death rate per 100,000.
(b)
Calculate the cause-specific death rate per 100,000 for
accidents in the male population.
(c)
Calculate the cause-specific death rate per 100,000 for
viral hepatitis in females.
(d)
Calculate the maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live
births if the total number of live births was 3,899,598.
(e)
Calculate the infant mortality rate per 1000 live
births.

5. Given the following data, calculate and properly report
the incidence density of head colds.

Subject Number
of Head Colds Number
of Months Followed

Kathleen 3 22
Sarah 2 19
Nichole 1 24
Jasmine 2 24
Jennifer 4 16
Coreen 1 24

6. In 2009 there were
81,634 deaths in a particular population of 27,375,921 individuals. 21,853
deaths were from HIV/AIDS; 9,550 deaths were from heart-related deaths and
diabetes was responsible for 1,362 deaths.

For each of the three conditions
calculate the proportionate mortality ratio and the cause-specific death rate
per 100,000 of population. (six calculations in total each).

ANSWER

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